在英語(yǔ)中，“by” 是一個(gè)十分常見的詞語(yǔ)，它可以用于多種不同的情況和語(yǔ)境。它通常作為介詞使用，但實(shí)際上也可以用作副詞。熟練運(yùn)用這個(gè)詞語(yǔ)可以事半功倍，甚至可以簡(jiǎn)化很多復(fù)雜的表達(dá)方式。

一、by + 地點(diǎn)

By the pond, meaning "near, next to, or beside the pond," in the sentence above.

I live by a football stadium.

我住在足球場(chǎng)旁邊。

The window is next to the telephone.

電話在窗戶旁邊。

當(dāng)我們談?wù)摰攸c(diǎn)時(shí)，通常使用 near 和 by 這兩個(gè)詞。這兩個(gè)詞都表示某個(gè)地點(diǎn)在另一個(gè)地點(diǎn)附近，但 by 通常表示更近的地方。例如，"There is a park near my house" 意思是在我家附近有一個(gè)公園，而 "There is a park by my house" 意思是在我家附近有一個(gè)公園，可能距離更近一些。

大衛(wèi)住在火車站附近。

David resides near a train station.

David resides in close proximity to a railway station.

"當(dāng)用 by 時(shí)，表示火車站就在邊上，而用 near 時(shí)，表示鄰近的地方。"

二、by + 運(yùn)輸方法

By transportation method, it refers to how to reach a certain place. Common transportation methods include train, car, boat, plane, taxi, bus, and coach, for example:

My parents frequently travel to France by sea.

我父母經(jīng)常坐船去法國(guó)旅行。

Our kids have never been on a plane.

我們的孩子以前沒有經(jīng)歷過乘飛機(jī)旅行的經(jīng)歷。

Traveling by car is the most convenient way to reach that destination.

開車去那里比較容易。

請(qǐng)注意：不要在 by 與運(yùn)輸方式之間加上限定詞，比如 a/an, the, some, my 或 his。如果有這些限定詞，請(qǐng)用介詞 in 或 on，例如：

芭芭拉正在她的汽車上旅行。

Ann and Barbara are driving in Ann's car.

Barbara is traveling in Ann's car.

你坐過小飛機(jī)嗎？

Have you ever flown in a small aircraft?

Have you ever traveled on a small plane?

I usually travel to work by foot.
答案：I usually travel to work on foot.

I used to go to work on foot.

我通常都是選擇步行去上班。

He hopes in vain to travel around the world on foot.

他夢(mèng)想步行周游世界。

三、by + 通信方法

通過電話、傳真、郵件和郵寄等方式與他人交流。

I will mail you the original copy.

我將把原件郵寄給你。

They typically communicated through phone calls.

他們通常靠電話交流信息。

Kindly verify the order through email.

主題：確認(rèn)訂單

尊敬的客戶，

感謝您選擇我們的產(chǎn)品/服務(wù)。我們收到了您的訂單，現(xiàn)在需要您確認(rèn)一下訂單信息以完成交易。

訂單詳情如下：
訂單編號(hào)：[訂單號(hào)]
訂單日期：[訂單日期]
商品名稱：[商品名稱]
數(shù)量：[數(shù)量]
總價(jià)：[總價(jià)]

請(qǐng)確認(rèn)上述訂單詳情是否準(zhǔn)確，如果有任何錯(cuò)誤或需要修改的地方，請(qǐng)及時(shí)與我們聯(lián)系。

您可以通過回復(fù)此郵件或致電我們的客服中心來(lái)確認(rèn)訂單信息。一旦確認(rèn)無(wú)誤，我們將會(huì)立即安排發(fā)貨/提供服務(wù)。

謝謝您的合作，祝您一天愉快！

此致
[您的姓名]
[您的職務(wù)]
[您的公司名稱]
[您的聯(lián)系方式]

四、by + 付款方式

By credit card, you can make payments easily and securely, without the need for cash.

Paying with a credit card is incredibly convenient.

信用卡付款的便利性不言而喻。

I don't have any cash on me, can I pay by check instead?

抱歉，我沒有帶現(xiàn)金，可以用信用卡支付嗎？

注意：使用現(xiàn)金支付時(shí)，應(yīng)該用 in cash，而不是 by cash。另外，口語(yǔ)中有時(shí)可以省略 in，例如：

如果你能以現(xiàn)金支付，我會(huì)非常感激。

I would prefer if you could make the payment in cash.

I would prefer payment in cash.

David used cash to purchase the newspaper.

大衛(wèi)用現(xiàn)金買了報(bào)紙。

五、by 與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中，by 表示執(zhí)行動(dòng)作的人或事物。例如：

主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了這個(gè)古代城市。
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：這個(gè)古代城市被人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了。

大衛(wèi)正在打掃廚房。

The kitchen is being cleaned by David.

David is cleaning the kitchen.

我被那響聲嚇壞了。

I was frightened by the noise.

The noise frightened me.

我們學(xué)校舉辦了一場(chǎng)音樂會(huì)。

The school hosted the concert.

Our school organized the concert.

六、by + 反身代詞

用所有指代反身代詞表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，總共有8個(gè)反身代詞：myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves和themselves。

Let's accomplish something independently.

讓我們嘗試動(dòng)手做些什么吧。

My parents frequently travel alone for vacation.

我父母經(jīng)常一個(gè)人去度假。他們享受獨(dú)自放松的時(shí)光，也會(huì)在彼此不在場(chǎng)時(shí)想念對(duì)方。

Did you construct that castle on your own?

你是不是自己建了那座城堡？

I was alone in the house last night, but I didn't feel bothered by it.

昨晚我獨(dú)自一人待在家里，不過我并不覺得孤單。

七、by + V-ing

通過鍛煉，你可以保持身體健康。

Press that button to switch on the radio.

你可以通過按下那個(gè)按鈕來(lái)打開收音機(jī)。

Combine the cream and stock in a saucepan and bring to a boil to make the sauce.

在一個(gè)平底鍋中將奶油和高湯一起煮沸，制作一種美味的調(diào)味料。

八、by + 時(shí)間表達(dá)式

By using a time expression, it implies that something will be done no later than a certain time, indicating that the specified time is the deadline for completing a task. It usually followed by a specific time such as an hour or a day of the week, and means "no later than". For example:

Hotel guests are required to check out of their rooms by 11 am.

客人必須在上午11點(diǎn)之前退房。

Please ensure that the payment is sent by tomorrow.

請(qǐng)務(wù)必在明天之前將貨款寄給我們。

They were assured that the plumber would arrive by Monday.

他們說(shuō)水管工星期一會(huì)到。

The postman consistently arrives no later than 11 am.

郵遞員總是在上午11點(diǎn)之前到這里。

基于給定內(nèi)容的解釋，可能意思是在不同的時(shí)間點(diǎn)上具有一定的差別，例如"他們?cè)?點(diǎn)之前抵達(dá)"與"他們通過5點(diǎn)之前的時(shí)間抵達(dá)"。

Her homework must be turned in by Friday.

Her assignment must be turned in by Friday.

句a表示作業(yè)最遲在星期四交，句b表示作業(yè)必須在星期五午夜前交。兩句之間相差12個(gè)小時(shí)，因此表示的截止時(shí)間有所不同。這一點(diǎn)需要特別注意，特別是在上級(jí)分派任務(wù)給下屬時(shí)。

九、by + 數(shù)量或度量

Of + 數(shù)字或度量單位，通常用于表示度量和數(shù)量的增減。例如：

This year, there has been a 12% rise in fuel prices.

今年燃料價(jià)格漲幅達(dá)到了12%。

The room's dimensions are 15 feet by 20 feet.

房間的寬度為15英尺，長(zhǎng)度為20英尺。

The situation was deteriorating with each passing minute.

情況急速惡化。

By the hour, by the day, by the meter are commonly used to express the time or quantity for buying, selling, or measuring something. "By" is followed by a basic unit of measurement (such as day, hour, or meter), with the definite article "the" placed between "by" and the unit of measurement. It is often used with verbs like "pay" or "sell" to mean "according to (sale)." For example:

They're paid by the hour.

他們按小時(shí)計(jì)算報(bào)酬。

We only sell it by the metre.

我們只按米出售。

這個(gè)表達(dá)通常用于表示某人或某物的部位被用來(lái)完成某種動(dòng)作或者被作為工具使用。例如，“by foot”就是指“步行”，“by hand”就是指“用手”。

By the tips of his fingers, he gently touched the delicate petals of the flower.
By the edge of her skirt, she pulled the kitten out from under the bed.

He grabbed Dickon's hand and led him into the house.

她牽著迪康的手把他領(lǐng)進(jìn)了屋子。

She seized her by the hair.

她揪住她的頭發(fā)。

Pick it up by the handle!

抓著手柄把它提起來(lái)！

"by" 這個(gè)詞通常用于補(bǔ)充有關(guān)出生地、職業(yè)等的信息。

"請(qǐng)介紹一下這位朋友來(lái)自哪里，職業(yè)是什么？"

In reality, her parents were born in America.

她父母的血統(tǒng)其實(shí)可以追溯到美國(guó)。

He worked as an electrician.

他的職業(yè)是電工。

十二、by + 特殊的名詞

By chance, I ran into my old friend at the supermarket.
By mistake, I took the wrong train and ended up in the wrong city.
By misadventure, the camping trip turned into a disaster when we got caught in a storm.

I stumbled upon the letter completely by accident.

我偶然看到了這封信。

He was mistakenly arrested.

警方誤抓了他。

十三、by 表示經(jīng)過

“By”表示經(jīng)過，相當(dāng)于“pass”，例如：

He passed by me without saying a word.

他默默地走過了我身邊，一言不發(fā)。

As Henry opened the door, three people walked by the house.

當(dāng)亨利打開門時(shí)，三個(gè)人恰好經(jīng)過房子旁邊。

在這種情況下，“by”也經(jīng)常被用作副詞，例如：

He rushed past me without saying a word.

他匆匆地走過去，沒有和我交談。

Time goes by so quickly.

時(shí)光飛逝。

"By" 一詞的意思是 "通過…，依照"

此時(shí)相當(dāng)于“根據(jù)”。例如：

Legally, you remain a child until you reach the age of 18.

根據(jù)法律規(guī)定，未滿18周歲的人被認(rèn)定為未成年人。

By my watch it is two o'clock.

我的表是兩點(diǎn)鐘。

十五、by 用于乘除運(yùn)算

5 multiplied by 3 equals 15.

5乘以3等于15。

15 divided by 3 equals 5.

15除以3等于5。

十六、by 表示短暫拜訪

在當(dāng)前情況下（如此時(shí) by 穿著一件紅色外套），“by” 在這里是一個(gè)副詞，用來(lái)修飾“此時(shí)”。

Please go on without me. I'll join you later.

你先往前走，我會(huì)跟在你后面。

Drop by sometime.

有空兒來(lái)坐坐。

學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)能讓你在世界各地暢行無(wú)阻，未來(lái)一定會(huì)更加精彩。