Hi, I'm Daniel. Welcome to Oxford Online English!

嗨，我是丹尼爾。歡迎來到牛津大學(xué)在線英語課程！

In this lesson, you can learn about using adjectives in English.

在這節(jié)課中，大家可以學(xué)習(xí)如何使用英語中的形容詞。

You'll see basic information about English adjectives, what they do, and how you can use them.

大家可以看到關(guān)于英語形容詞的基本信息，它們的作用，以及如何使用它們。

Then, you'll see some more details about different types of adjectives and what they mean.

大家還會看到更多關(guān)于不同類型形容詞及其含義的細(xì)節(jié)。

Before we start, have you visited our website: Oxford Online English dot com?

在我們開始之前讓我問一句，你訪問過我們的網(wǎng)站嗎：Oxford Online English dot com？

If you want to improve your English, there are free video lessons as well as listening lessons.

如果你想提高你的英語水平的話，網(wǎng)站上有免費(fèi)的視頻課和聽力課。

We also have a large selection of professional teachers who can help you to improve your English in online classes.

我們還有很多專業(yè)教師，可以幫助你通過在線課程提高英語水平。

But now, let's get back to the lesson.

但是現(xiàn)在，讓我們回到課程上來。

First, a question: what do adjectives do?

首先問大家一個問題：形容詞有什么作用？

Adjectives describe nouns — they add information to a noun or noun phrase.

形容詞描述名詞——它們給名詞或名詞短語添加信息。

For example: 'The sea was blue and clear.' The adjectives — 'blue' and 'clear' — add information to the noun — 'sea'.

例如：“大海是藍(lán)色清澈的。”形容詞“藍(lán)色的”和“清澈的”給名詞海洋添加了信息。

Adjectives can be used in many ways, but there are two common patterns.

形容詞可以有很多種使用方式，但有兩種常見的模式。

First, you can put adjectives directly before the noun they describe, like this: 'red high-heeled shoes'.

首先，可以把形容詞直接放在它們描述的名詞前面，就像這樣：“紅色高跟鞋”。

'A reliable friend.' 'He gave me an expensive Italian leather wallet.' Secondly, you can use a linking verb plus an adjective after a noun, like this: 'She felt happy.' 'It's sunny.' 'He seems quiet today.' By the way, what are 'linking verbs'?

“一個可靠的朋友?！薄八o了我一個昂貴的意大利皮錢包?！逼浯?，你可以在名詞后面加上一個連接動詞和一個形容詞，就像這樣：“她感到很高興?！薄疤鞖馇缋?，”“他今天看起來很安靜?！表槺銌栆幌?，什么是“連接動詞”呢？

Linking verbs add information to a subject.

連接動詞給主語增加信息。

Common linking verbs include 'be', 'seem', 'become', 'feel' and 'appear', although there are many others.

常見的連接動詞有“be”、“seem”、“become”、“feel”和“appear”，盡管還有很多其他的。

You don't need to worry about this right now.

你現(xiàn)在不需要擔(dān)心這個問題。

Remember the basic point: adjectives can go before a noun, or after it.

記住基本要點(diǎn)：形容詞可以放在名詞前面，也可以放在名詞后面。

This will become more important later in the lesson — keep watching to find out why!

這在后面的課程中會更加重要——繼續(xù)觀察，找出原因吧！

Here's another question for you: how can you find the adjectives in a sentence?

還有一個問題要問你：如何在句子中找到形容詞呢？

What do adjectives look like?

形容詞長什么樣子？

There's no simple answer to this question.

這個問題沒有簡單的答案。

With all parts of speech, it's better to look at full sentences and think about context and meaning.

對于所有的詞類，最好看完整的句子，思考上下文和意義。

Let's do a quick test!

來做個快速測試吧！

Here are five sentences.

這里有五個句子。

Can you find the adjective or adjectives in each one?

你能找到每個句子中的一個或多個形容詞嗎？

Pause the video if you need more time to think.

如果你需要更多時間思考的話，請暫停視頻。

You'll see the answers in a few seconds.

幾秒鐘后你就可以看到答案了。

Ready?

準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？

Here are the answers.

以下是答案。

You can see a few useful points here.

你可以在這里看到一些有用的要點(diǎn)。

Firstly, adjectives don't look similar to each other.

首先，形容詞看起來并不相似。

Adjectives can have many different endings, and they can even end with -ly, like many adverbs do.

形容詞可以有許多不同的結(jié)尾，它們甚至可以像許多副詞一樣以-ly 結(jié)尾。

Secondly, adjectives also have different forms.

其次，形容詞也有不同的形式。

For example, many adjectives have comparative forms, like 'good-better', or superlative forms, like 'hard-hardest'.

例如，許多形容詞都有比較級形式，比如“好-更好”，或者最高級形式，比如“難-最難”。

Thirdly, some adjectives are compound, meaning they're made from two or more other words.

第三，有些形容詞是復(fù)合的，意思是它們是由兩個或多個其他單詞組成的。

This is common with numbers, as in 'a 25-year-old man'.

這在數(shù)字中很常見，比如“一個 25 歲的男人”。

Now, you know some of the basics about adjectives and how to use them.

現(xiàn)在你知道了一些關(guān)于形容詞的基本知識以及如何使用它們。

Let's go into more detail about different types of adjectives.

讓我們更詳細(xì)地討論不同類型的形容詞吧。

Look at four sentences.

讓我們來看四個句子。

Two are right, and two are wrong.

兩個是對的，兩個是錯的。

Can you see which sentences are correct?

你能看出來哪些句子是正確的嗎？

Do you know why the other two sentences are incorrect?

你知道為什么另外兩句不正確嗎？

Pause the video if you need more time to think about it.

如果你需要更多時間思考的話，請暫停視頻。

Ready?

準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？

Let's look together.

讓我們一起看看。

Sentences one and four are correct.

第一句和第四句是正確的。

Two and three are incorrect.

第二句和第三句不正確。

Did you get the right answers?

你的答案對了嗎？

And, can you explain why sentences two and three are incorrect?

你能解釋一下為什么第二句和第三句不正確嗎？

To explain this, you need to know about an important idea: gradability.

為了解釋這一點(diǎn)，你需要了解一個重要的概念：可分級性。

Some adjectives are gradable.

有些形容詞是可分級的。

That means they can have different levels.

這意味著它們可以有不同的層次。

For example, 'nice' and 'interesting' are gradable.

例如，“不錯的”和“有趣的”是可分級的。

Something can be more interesting, or less interesting.

有些事情可能更有趣，也可能不那么有趣。

There are different levels of 'interesting'.

“有趣的”有不同的層次。

Some adjectives are ungradable.

有些形容詞是不可分級的。

That means that they're binary — either 'yes' or 'no'.

這意味著它們是二元的——要么是，要么不是。

For example, 'unique' is ungradable.

例如，“唯一的”是不可分級的。

Either something is unique, or it isn't.

要么是獨(dú)一無二的，要么不是。

You can't have different levels of uniqueness.

你不能有不同程度的獨(dú)特性。

It's a yes-or-no property.

這是一個是或否的屬性。

Ungradable adjectives have two types.

不可分級形容詞有兩種類型。

Firstly, there are words with a strong meaning, like 'delicious', 'exhausted' or 'furious'.

首先，有些詞的含義很強(qiáng)烈，比如“美味的”、“筋疲力盡的”或“憤怒的”。

Secondly, there are words with an absolute meaning, like 'unique', 'true' or 'possible'.

其次，有些詞的含義很絕對，比如“獨(dú)特的”、“真實(shí)的”或“可能的”。

When we talk about ungradable adjectives, we mean both of these types.

當(dāng)我們談?wù)摬豢煞旨壍男稳菰~時，我們指的是這兩種類型。

What does this mean for you?

這對你來說意味著什么呢？

Well, there are two important rules you should know.

嗯，有兩條重要的規(guī)則你應(yīng)該知道。

First, you can't make comparatives from ungradable adjectives.

首先，你不能用不可分級的形容詞來做比較。

You can't say 'more delicious'.

你不能說“更美味的”。

You can't say 'truer' or 'most possible'.

你不能說“更真實(shí)的”或“最可能的”。

Secondly, if you want to emphasise an adjective by adding a word like 'very', 'really' or 'absolutely' before it, you need to use different words for gradable and ungradable adjectives.

其次，如果你想強(qiáng)調(diào)一個形容詞，在它前面加上一個像“非?！薄ⅰ罢娴摹被颉敖^對”這樣的詞的話，你需要對可分級的形容詞和不可分級的形容詞使用不同的詞。

'Very' is used with gradable adjectives.

“非?！迸c可分級的形容詞連用。

So, you can say 'very beautiful', 'very cold' or 'very funny', but you can't say 'very gorgeous', 'very freezing' or 'very hilarious'.

所以，你可以說“非常漂亮”、“非常冷”或“非常有趣”，但你不能說“非常華麗”、“非常寒冷”或“非?；薄?/span>

You can't say 'very freezing', but what can you say?

你不能說“非常冷”，但是你能說什么呢？

With ungradable adjectives, use 'absolutely' ; you can say 'absolutely freezing', 'absolutely exhausted' or 'absolutely unique'.

對于不可分級的形容詞，使要用“極其地”；你可以說“極其冰冷”、“完全耗盡”或“極其獨(dú)特”。

What if you're not sure?

如果你不確定呢？

Use 'really', which can be used with both gradable and ungradable adjectives.

那就使用“真的”，它既可以和可分級的形容詞一起使用，也可以和不可分級的形容詞一起使用。

So, you can say 'really cold' or 'really freezing'.

所以，你可以用著兩種方式說“真的很冷”。

They're both fine!

它們都很棒！

Understanding the difference between gradable and ungradable adjectives is important if you want to use adjectives correctly in English.

如果你想在英語中正確使用形容詞的話，理解可分級形容詞和不可分級形容詞之間的區(qū)別是很重要的。

There's also one more important point you should know.

還有一點(diǎn)你應(yīng)該知道。

Let's look!

讓我們看看吧！

You heard in part one that adjectives can go before the noun, or after the noun if you use a linking verb.

你在第一部分聽到形容詞可以放在名詞前面，如果你使用連接動詞的話，形容詞可以放在名詞后面。

So, are these sentences correct, or not?

那么，這些句子正確嗎？

As always, pause the video if you want to think about it for longer.

和往常一樣，如果你想思考更長時間的話，請暫停視頻。

Ready?

準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？

Here's the answer.

這里是答案。

All three sentences are incorrect; none of them are possible.

這三個句子都不正確；沒有一個是對的。

Do you know why?

你知道為什么嗎？

Many adjectives can be used either before or after the noun they describe.

許多形容詞可以在它們描述的名詞之前或之后使用。

For example, you can say 'the car is new' or 'the new car'.

例如，你可以說“車是新的”或者是“新車”。

Both are possible, and it doesn't change the meaning.

兩種都有可能，也不改變意思。

However, some adjectives can only be used in one position: either before or after the noun.

然而，有些形容詞只能用在一個位置：在名詞之前或之后。

That's the problem with the three sentences you saw just now.

那就是你剛才看到的三句話的問題。

'Asleep' can only be used after the noun it describes.

“睡著的”只能用在它描述的名詞之后。

You can say 'The cat is asleep on the wall', but you can't say 'an asleep cat'.

你可以說“貓在墻上睡著了”，但你不能說“一只睡著的貓”。

'Main' and 'elder' are examples of adjectives which can only go before the noun.

“主要的”和“年老的”是只能放在名詞之前的形容詞。

So, you could say 'This is the main problem' or 'He is my elder brother.' Now, let's do a test.

所以，你可以說“這是主要問題”，或者“他是我的哥哥”?，F(xiàn)在，讓我們做一個測試。

Look at six adjectives: Here's the question: can these adjectives be used before the noun, after the noun, or in both positions?

看六個形容詞：問題是：這些形容詞可以用在名詞前，名詞后，還是兩個位置都可以用呢？

To do this, try making sentences with the six adjectives, or go to an online dictionary, such as the Cambridge dictionary or Longman, and find example sentences.

要回答這個問題，請嘗試用這六個形容詞造句，或者訪問在線詞典，例如劍橋詞典或朗曼詞典并找到例句。

When you make sentences, try saying them out loud.

當(dāng)你造句時，試著大聲說出來。

Use your instinct.

運(yùn)用你的直覺。

Does it sound strange or wrong?

聽起來奇怪還是不對呢？

It probably is.

很可能如此。

Pause the video and do the test.

暫停視頻，測試一下。

You'll see the answers in a few seconds!

幾秒鐘后你就會看到答案！

Ready?

準(zhǔn)備好了嗎？

Let's check together.

讓我們一起檢查一下。

'Alone' can only be used after the noun it describes.

“孤獨(dú)的”只能用在它所描述的名詞后面。

For example: 'He was alone for most of the summer.' 'Ill' is also generally used after the noun it describes.

例如：“他整個夏天大部分時間都是一個人?！薄吧〉摹币餐ǔＳ迷谒枋龅拿~之后。

For example: 'I didn't work yesterday because my daughter was ill.' 'Complete' can be used in both positions.

例如：“我昨天沒有工作，因?yàn)槲遗畠翰×??！薄巴瓿傻?徹頭徹尾的”可以用在兩個位置。

For example: 'It was a complete disaster!' Or, 'The first stage of the work is now complete.' 'Only' is used before the noun.

例如：“這完全是一場災(zāi)難！”或者：“工作的第一階段現(xiàn)在完成了?！薄拔ㄒ坏摹庇迷诿~前。

For example: 'The only way to do it is to do it yourself.' 'Unhappy' can be used in both positions.

例如：“唯一的方法就是自己做?！薄安恍腋５摹笨梢杂迷趦蓚€位置。

For example: 'They had an unhappy marriage,' or 'He didn't enjoy the last year of school and was often unhappy.' Finally, 'afraid' is only used after the noun.

例如：“他們的婚姻不幸?！保蛘摺八幌矚g學(xué)校的最后一年，他經(jīng)常不開心?！弊詈螅昂ε碌摹敝挥迷诿~后面。

For example: 'I was afraid of the dark when I was a child.' So, you're probably thinking: how do I know?

例如：“我小時候害怕黑暗?！彼?，你可能在想：我怎么知道呢？

How do I know whether an adjective can be used before or after a noun?

我怎么知道形容詞可以用在名詞之前還是之后？

It's a good question.

這是個好問題。

Unfortunately, there isn't a simple answer.

不幸的是，沒有一個簡單的答案。

Dictionaries don't usually include this information.

字典通常不包含這些信息。

However, we have good news!

不過，我們有個好消息！

Most adjectives can be used in both positions.

大多數(shù)形容詞都可以用在這兩個位置。

Also, for most adjectives which can't, you already know the answer.

另外，對于大多數(shù)不能這樣使用的形容詞，你已經(jīng)知道答案了。

For example, remember the sentence, 'The problem is main'?

例如，還記得這句話嗎，“問題是主要的”？

Most of you knew that this sentence sounded wrong.

你們大多數(shù)人都知道這句話聽起來不對。

Your instincts can be helpful!

你的直覺很有幫助！

Anyhow, now you know about gradability and adjective position.

不管怎樣，現(xiàn)在你知道可分級性和形容詞位置了。

There's a reason we've shown you these two topics, because our last idea depends on these points.

我們?yōu)榇蠹抑v解這兩個話題是有原因的，因?yàn)槲覀冏詈蟮囊c(diǎn)取決于這兩個話題。

You know that adjectives can be gradable or ungradable, or that they can go before or after the noun, but in some cases, the same adjective can be used in different ways with different meanings.

你知道形容詞可以是可分級的，也可以是不可分級的，或者它們可以在名詞之前或之后，但是在某些情況下，同一個形容詞可以用不同的方式，而帶來不同的意思。

For example, look at these two sentences: 'She handled the situation in a very professional way.' 'She's a professional tennis player.' Both these sentences use the adjective 'professional', but in different ways.

例如，看看這兩句話：“她以非常專業(yè)的方式處理了這種情況。”“她是職業(yè)網(wǎng)球運(yùn)動員，”這兩個句子都使用了形容詞“專業(yè)的”，但方式不同。

Can you see the difference?

能看出區(qū)別嗎？

In the first sentence, 'professional' is used as a gradable adjective, and it means something like 'effective' or 'competent'.

在第一句中，“專業(yè)的”用作可分級的形容詞，意思是“有效的”或“稱職的”。

In the second sentence, 'professional' is ungradable: it means that playing tennis is her job, and she makes money from it.

在第二句中，“專業(yè)的”是不可分級的：這意味著打網(wǎng)球是她的工作，她從中賺錢。

Let's do another example: 'Jerome was present at the meeting.' 'The present situation looks more hopeful than it has for several months.' What about here?

讓我們再舉一個例子：“杰羅姆出席了會議。”“目前的形勢看起來比幾個月來更有希望?！边@個呢？

Can you explain the difference between these two uses of 'present'?

你能解釋一下“present”這兩種用法的區(qū)別嗎？

In the first sentence, 'present' is used after the noun, with a linking verb.

在第一句中，“present”用在名詞后面，帶有一個連接動詞。

It means that Jerome was there.

這意味著杰羅姆在那里。

In the second sentence, 'present' is used before the noun, and it means 'relating to now'.

在第二句中，“present”用在名詞前面，意思是“與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的”。

So, in this case, the adjective has different meanings in different positions.

所以，在這種情況下，形容詞在不同的位置有不同的含義。

To be clear, this isn't flexible.

明確地說，這并不是靈活的。

You can't choose to use 'present' before a noun to mean 'there'.

你不能選擇在名詞前用“present”來表示“那里”。

If you use 'present' before a noun, then it means 'relating to now'.

如果你在名詞前使用“present”，那么它的意思是“與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)”。

So, what should you take away from this?

那么，你應(yīng)該從中學(xué)到什么信息呢？

What do you need to focus on?

你需要關(guān)注什么呢？

We aren't showing you these points because you need to learn lists of all the gradable and ungradable adjectives.

我們向大家展示這些要點(diǎn)，并不是因?yàn)槟阈枰獙W(xué)習(xí)所有可分級和不可分級形容詞的列表。

This lesson gives you tools to help you understand adjectives more deeply.

這節(jié)課只是給大家一些工具來幫助你更深入地理解形容詞。

The most important point is that adjectives don't follow one simple set of rules.

最重要的一點(diǎn)是形容詞不遵循一套簡單的規(guī)則。

Like with all vocabulary, you need to use context to understand what an adjective means in a sentence.

像所有詞匯一樣，你需要使用上下文來理解形容詞在句子中的意思。

Next — and this is also a general point — one word doesn't have one meaning.

接下來——這也是一個普遍的觀點(diǎn)——某個詞匯并不只是有一個意思。

With adjectives, whether a word is gradable or not can make a difference.

有的形容詞是否可分級意思就會有所不同。

Where an adjective is used can make a difference.

使用形容詞的地方會有所不同。

You can't simply rely on a dictionary or a translator.

你不能簡單地依賴字典或翻譯。

Again, you need to understand the context to understand the words.

同樣，你需要理解上下文才能理解單詞。

Do you find anything especially confusing about using English adjectives and adverbs?

你覺得英語形容詞和副詞使用有什么特別令人困惑的地方嗎？

We're sure you aren't alone!

我們相信你不是一個人！

Share your ideas in the comments, and maybe you'll get some help.

在評論中分享你的想法，也許你會得到一些幫助。

Thanks for watching!

感謝收看！

See you next time!

下節(jié)課再見！